24/02/2015
News media
Electronic News Gathering trucks and
photojournalists gathered outside the
Prudential Financial headquarters in
Newark , United States in August 2004
following the announcement of
evidence of a terrorist threat to it and
to buildings in New York City .
The news media are those elements of the
mass media that focus on delivering news
to the general public or a target public.
These include print media ( newspapers,
newsmagazines), broadcast news ( radio
and television), and more recently the
Internet ( online newspapers , news blogs ,
etc.).
Etymology
A medium (plural media ) is a carrier of
something. Common things carried by media
include information , art, or physical objects.
A medium may provide transmission or
storage of information or both. The
industries which produce news and
entertainment content for the mass media
are often called "the media" (in much the
same way the newspaper industry is called
"the press "). In the late 20th century it
became commonplace for this usage to be
construed as singular ("The media is...")
rather than as the traditional plural.
Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and
video signals (programs) to a number of
recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that
belong to a large group. This group may be
the public in general, or a relatively large
audience within the public. Thus, an Internet
channel may distribute text or music
worldwide, while a public address system in
(for example) a workplace may broadcast
very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small
population within its range.
The sequencing of content in a broadcast is
called a schedule.
Television and radio programs are
distributed through radio broadcasting or
cable, often simultaneously. By coding
signals and having decoding equipment in
homes, the latter also enables subscription -
based channels and pay-per-view services.
A broadcasting organization may broadcast
several programs at the same time, through
several channels ( frequencies ), for example
BBC One and Two . On the other hand, two or
more organizations may share a channel
and each use it during a fixed part of the
day. Digital radio and digital television may
also transmit multiplexed programming, with
several channels compressed into one
ensemble .
When broadcasting is done via the Internet
the term webcasting is often used.
Broadcasting forms a very large segment of
the mass media .
Broadcasting to a very narrow range of
audience is called narrowcasting.
In a broadcast system (television),
journalists or reporters are also involved
with editing the video material that has been
shot alongside their research, and in
working on the visual narrative of the story.
Broadcast journalists often make an
appearance in the news story at the
beginning or end of the video clip.
In television or broadcast journalism , news
analysts (also called news-casters or news
anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast
news received from various sources of
information. Anchors present this as news,
either videotaped or live, through
transmissions from on-the-scene reporters
(news correspondents).
News films ("clips") can vary in length; there
are some which may be as long as ten
minutes, others that need to fit in all the
relevant information and material in two or
three minutes. News channels these days
have also begun to host special
documentary films that stretch for much
longer durations and are able to explore a
news subject or issue in greater detail.
The desk persons categorise news stories
with various formats according to the merit
of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO
Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho
Visual.
The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the
short form of news. The story is written in a
gist. According to the script visual is edited.
The anchor reads the news while the visual
is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the
duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The
script is three to four lines. At first the
anchor starts to read the news, and, after
reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the
visual is aired, overlapping the face of
anchor.
The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and
one or more bytes. This is the same as an
AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends,
the Byte is aired.
The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice
Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written.
A voice over anchor reads the anchor or
anchor intro part.
Newspapers
Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen
Gardens in Pawleys Island , South
Carolina.
A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable
publication (more specifically, a periodical ),
usually printed on low-cost paper called
newsprint. It may be general or special
interest, and may be published daily, weekly,
biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.
General-interest newspapers are usually
journals of current news on a variety of
topics. Those can include political events ,
crime, business, sports , and opinions (either
editorials , columns , or political cartoons ).
Many also include weather news and
forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use
photographs to illustrate stories; they also
often include comic strips and other
entertainment, such as crosswords .
Journalists at work in Montreal in the
1940s
A story is a single article, news item or
feature, usually concerning a single event,
issue, theme, or profile of a person.
Correspondents report news occurring in the
main, locally, from their own country, or from
foreign cities where they are stationed.
Most reporters file information or write their
stories electronically from remote locations.
In many cases, breaking stories are written
by staff members, through information
collected and submitted by other reporters
who are out on the field gathering
information for an event that has just
occurred and needs to be broadcast
instantly. Radio and television reporters
often compose stories and report "live" from
the scene. Some journalists also interpret
the news or offer opinions and analysis to
readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role,
they are called commentators or columnists.
Reporters take notes and also take
photographs or shoot videos, either on their
own, or through a photographer or camera
person. In the second phase, they organize
the material, determine the focus or
emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write
their stories. The story is then edited by
news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-
editors in Europe, who function from the
news desk . The headline of the story is
decided by the news desk, and practically
never by the reporter or the writer of the
piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-
writes or changes the style and tone of the
first draft prepared by the reporter / writer
originally. Finally, a collection of stories that
have been picked for the newspaper or
magazine edition , are laid out on dummy
(trial) pages, and after the chief editor has
approved the content, style and language in
the material, it is sent for publishing. The
writer is given a byline for the piece that is
published; his or her name appears
alongside the article. This process takes
place according to the frequency of the
publication. News can be published in a
variety of formats ( broadsheet, tabloid ,
magazine and periodical publications) as
well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly,
fortnightly or monthly).
Newsmagazines
Cover of 2512 , a monthly
newsmagazine published in
Réunion .
A newsmagazine , sometimes called news
magazine , is a usually weekly magazine
featuring articles on current events. News
magazines generally go more in-depth into
stories than newspapers, trying to give the
reader an understanding of the context
surrounding important events, rather than
just the facts.
Newsreels
A newsreel was a documentary film common
in the first half of the 20th century, that
regularly released in a public presentation
place containing filmed news stories.
Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908,
this form of film was a staple of the typical
North American, British , and Commonwealth
countries (especially Canada, Australia and
New Zealand) , and throughout European
cinema programming schedule from the
silent era until the 1960s when television
news broadcasting completely supplanted
its role.
Online journalism
Newspaper "gone to the Web" in
California
Online journalism is reporting and other
journalism produced or distributed via the
Internet. The Internet has allowed the formal
and informal publication of news stories
through mainstream media outlets as well
as blogs and other self-published news
stories. Journalists working on the Internet
have been referred to as J-Bloggers, a term
coined by Australian Media Academic Dr
Nicola Goc to describe journalists who
[blog] and [blog]gers who produce
journalism. "J-Bloggers: Internet bloggers
acting in the role of journalists disseminating
newsworthy information, who subscribe to
the journalistic ideals of an obligation to the
truth and the public's right to know". [1]
An early leader was The News & Observer in
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Many news organizations based in other
media also distribute news online. How
much they take advantage of the medium
varies. Some news organizations, such as
the Gongwer News Service , use the web only
or primarily.
The Internet challenges traditional news
organizations in several ways. They may be
losing classified ads to Web sites, which are
often targeted by interest instead of
geography. The advertising on news web
sites is sometimes insufficient to support the
investment.
Even before the Internet, technology and
perhaps other factors were dividing people's
attention, leading to more but narrower
media outlets.
Online journalism also leads to the spread of
independent online media such as
openDemocracy and the UK, Wikinews as
well as allowing smaller news organizations
to publish to a broad audience, such as
mediastrike.
News coverage and new media
By covering news, politics, weather, sports,
entertainment, and vital events, the daily
media shape the dominant cultural, social
and political picture of society. Beyond the
media networks, independent news sources
have evolved to report on events which
escape attention or underlie the major
stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has
taken reporting a step further, mining down
to the experiences and perceptions of
individual citizens.
An exponentially growing phenomenon, the
blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is
overlooked by the press and TV networks.
Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 's
11,000-word Rolling Stone article apropos
of the 2004 United States presidential
election , published June 1, 2006. By June 8,
there had been no mainstream coverage of
the documented allegations by President
John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this
sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-
Intelligencer article. [2]
Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai
attacks highlighted the use of new media
and Internet social networking tools,
including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading
information about the attacks, observing
that Internet coverage was often ahead of
more traditional media sources. In response,
traditional media outlets included such
coverage in their reports. [3] However,
several outlets were criticised as they did
not check for the reliability and verifiability of
the information. [4] Some public opinion
research companies have found that a
majority or plurality of people in various
countries distrust the news media. [5][6]