Soto Asian Art . 禪藏

18/05/2024

Gilled Copper Marpa Lotsawa (the translator), Tibet, 13 - 14th Century
銅鎏金噶舉派祖師－馬爾巴坐像, 西藏 , 13 - 14世紀
མར་པ་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་བློ་གྲོས
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噶舉派祖師－馬爾巴 མར་པ་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་བློ་གྲོས
馬爾巴(１０１２－１０９７)生於西藏南部洛札 (Lhodrak Chukhyer) 的富有地主之家，十二歲遵從父親之命入了佛門。跟隨卓彌譯師 (Drokmi Lotsāwa) 學習梵文翻譯，後成為藏文與梵文翻譯師。
馬爾巴一共去印度三次，尼泊爾四次，學習佛法。跟隨印度著名密宗上師，那洛巴及多位上師學習各種法教，十二年後，馬爾巴從那洛巴學習到口、耳相傳秘訣。
不久馬爾巴回到西藏傳法及弘法，馬爾巴眾多弟子中有四位最著名：
（１）哦秋，領受了天法傳承的教義；
（２）梅通千波領受了光明瑜伽；
（３）楚敦旺多傑領受了遷識法即頗瓦法；
（４）米拉日巴，他得到見修行全部傳承的法教。弟子四人最具影響力，號稱“四大柱“。
馬爾巴將全部法教傳給了米拉日巴；米拉日巴成為他的法嗣，承接了那洛巴的傳承。
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噶舉派創立於１１世紀，噶舉意思為“口、耳傳承“。該派僧人穿白色僧裙和上衣，俗稱為“白教“。
噶舉派並設立諸多支系，有噶瑪噶舉，香巴噶舉，帕竹噶舉等諸多支系，是藏傳佛教中最龐大的一支宗派。帕竹噶舉和為噶瑪噶舉派曾相繼執掌西藏地方政權。噶瑪噶舉內部又分黑帽系和紅帽系，兩個系統，其名稱皆源於元朝統治者賜與的帽子顏色，並都曾受元、明、清三朝中央政府册封。
到１５世紀，格魯派崛起後，噶舉派因參與反抗格魯派而被壓制。紅帽系因其十世紀活佛卻朱嘉措在清朝乾隆年間引廓爾喀人入藏作亂，而被中央政府以叛國罪取締，世系從此斷絕。
藏傳佛教歷史上五大教派：
（一）寧瑪派祖師－蓮花生８世紀入西藏傳授佛 法， 創立寧瑪派，僧人戴紅帽，稱為“紅教“。
（二 )噶當派祖師－仲敦巴是阿底峽大師弟子，１１世紀創立噶當派。
（三）薩迦派祖師－貢嘎寧布１１世紀創立薩迦派，寺廟圍牆塗上紅、白、黑三色花條，象徵文殊，觀音和金剛手。俗稱“花教“。
（四）噶舉派祖師－馬爾巴１１世紀創立噶舉派，該派僧人身穿白色僧裙和上衣，俗稱為“白教“。
（五）格魯派祖師－宗喀巴１５世紀創立格魯派，僧人頭戴黃帽，稱為黃教。
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#博物館 #中國藝術 #西藏佛教 #西藏 #西藏佛教史 #藏傳佛教 #密宗 #藏傳佛教密宗 #佛 #佛教 #藝術

18/05/2024

「嗡阿吽」
Om Ah Hum (Hung)
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嗡阿吽是一種來自佛教的咒語，常用於念誦或冥想。它在梵文中寫成"ॐ अह हूँ"，發音為"Om Ah Hum"。這個咒語代表著宇宙的起源和宇宙的毀滅，以及人類身心靈的和諧與平衡。
「嗡」（Om）代表宇宙的起源和存在，被認為是萬物的原音，象徵著無限和永恆。它是佛教和印度教中最重要的咒語之一。
「阿」（Ah）代表宇宙的毀滅和變化。它代表著無常性和變動性，提醒我們一切都是流動和轉變的。
「吽」（Hum） ( Hung ) 代表身心靈的和諧與平衡。它像徵著智慧和覺醒，幫助我們在內心尋求平靜與清晰。
當人們念誦嗡阿吽時，它被認為具有淨化心靈、增強專注力和平靜思緒的作用。它也被用作冥想的對象，幫助人們進入深度冥想狀態，探索內心的智慧和平靜。
"嗡阿吽" can be translated into English as "Om Ah Hum." It is a mantra derived from Buddhism and is often used in chanting or meditation practices. In Sanskrit, it is written as "ॐ अह हूँ" and pronounced as "Om Ah Hum." This mantra represents the origin and destruction of the universe, as well as the harmony and balance of the body, mind, and spirit.
"嗡" (Om) represents the origin and existence of the universe. It is considered the primordial sound, symbolising the infinite and eternal. It is one of the most important mantras in Buddhism and Hinduism.
"阿" (Ah) represents the destruction and transformation of the universe. It signifies impermanence and change, reminding us that everything is in flux and constantly evolving.
"吽" (Hum) (Hung) represents the harmony and balance of body, mind, and spirit. It symbolises wisdom and awakening, helping us seek inner peace and clarity.
When people chant or recite "嗡阿吽" (Om Ah Hum), it is believed to have purifying effects on the mind, enhance focus, and calm thoughts. It is also used as an object of meditation, assisting individuals in entering deep meditative states to explore inner wisdom and tranquillity.
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#嗡阿吽 #藏傳佛教

18/05/2024

國寶重器的時代容顏 - 故宮文物月刊 第383期 2015年2月
The Timeless Beauty of National Treasures - National Palace Museum Taipei, Cultural Relics Monthly 383rd Issue 2015/02
全文請瀏覽：https://theme.npm.edu.tw/Academic/ChineseArtDownload.ashx?bid=3690&eid=260
觀賞西周晚期〈毛公鼎〉的銘文、形制與紋飾，可以驗證西周的歷史文化。〈毛公鼎全形拓〉在特定時空中，擔任分身，成為文人雅士交流的對象與平台。院藏在特定時空中，擔任分身，成為文人雅士交流的對象與平台。院藏〈毛公鼎全形拓〉的名家題記，不僅描述〈毛公鼎〉的收藏經歷，傳達世人對於〈毛公鼎〉的理解進程，也可見清末民初，由學者和收藏家構成的學術網絡，以及當時青銅器研究的關注焦點。
The inscription, form, and decorative patterns of the "Ding cauldron of Duke Mao" from the late Western Zhou period provide evidence of the historical culture of that era. The "Complete Rubbing of Ding cauldron of Duke Mao" serves as a representation of a specific time and space, becoming an object and a platform for communication among literati. The famous inscriptions found on the rubbing not only depict the collecting journey of the "Ding cauldron of Duke Mao" but also convey the understanding and interpretation of the artefact by scholars and collectors during the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China period, as well as the focal points of bronze research at that time.
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#故宮博物院 #故宮

16/01/2024

金剛橛
Phurba
全文請瀏覽：https://www.sotoasianart.com/post/phurba
「金剛橛」原是古印度的一種兵器，後來被藏傳佛教吸收為專用法器。三棱金剛橛主要象徵怒相金剛橛神，強力無比的佛性，金剛橛神能有效地滅除一切魔障。
有關記載金剛橛儀式的最早的佛教「貝葉經」，年代可以追溯到公元前五世紀。《蓮花生大師傳》中記載，他曾到過印度卡沙卡瑪拉北部地區，該地盛行金剛橛崇拜。後來，在加德滿都峽谷帕爾平阿修羅洞中靜修時，他遭遇三大惡魔作障，令乾旱無雨，帶來瘟疫饑餓，為了應付各種侵擾，他遣使弟子赴印度取回《金剛橛密法》，這些經文一到尼泊爾，大家開始修持，自此之後，一切障戛馬上停止。抵達西藏後，蓮花生大師向他的二十五位心傳弟子傳授了《金剛橛密法》。
蓮花生大師教授這些經文，旨在除魔障，以及在西藏弘傳佛法。寧瑪派最早把金剛橛神當作能夠除障魔的本尊神修持。而這種修持也被吸納到藏傳佛教各個教派之中。
作為禮器的金剛橛通常是鐵製造的，但在某些儀式活動中也使用特殊的木料或骨料。鐵製金剛橛的深藍色象徵隕鐵般無堅不摧的金剛特質。修法時在壇場的四角樹立，意思是道場範圍內堅固如金剛，各種魔障不能進入危害。
金剛橛整體結構由上而下，最頂是佛頭，阿彌陀佛頭像或觀音菩薩頭像，三面怒相孔雀明王頭像，馬頭像等。之下有大黑天頭像，怒相明王頭像，橛桿通常有紐結及八瓣蓮花球組成，之下是兇殘無比的魔羯魚頭像，口中咬著大盤龍。最下部是鋒利無比的三角大尖刀。
三棱金剛橛上把柄代表智慧，三棱棱刃象徵斷滅貪、嗔、癡「三毒」。摩羯頭象徵金剛橛堅不可摧，武器的凶殘力量和韌度，一條一條的盤龍從三個橛身凹處的摩羯嘴中垂下。這些龍神，代表「六度」。金剛橛上金翅烏的羽翼和龍神飾物代表金剛橛神對龍神的敵意，三片橛身代表對「三世」和「三界」的控制。
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#金剛橛 #法器 #大黑天 #收藏家 #銅鎏金 #鎏金 #藏傳佛教 #佛教 #密宗 #藏語 #貝葉經 #蓮師二十五弟子 #故宮

「金剛橛」原是古印度的一種兵器，後來被藏傳佛教吸收為專用法器。三棱金剛橛主要象徵怒相金剛橛神，強力無比的佛性，金剛橛神能有效地滅除一切魔障。 有關記載金剛橛儀式的最早的佛教「貝葉經」，年代可以追溯到公.....

30/10/2022

《佛教海線絲綢之路》
Buddhism on the Maritime Silk Routes
全文請瀏覽：https://vocus.cc/article/621ae612fd8978000143c324
法顯大師（公元337–422）
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複雜的佛教文化，花費了很長的時間，才遠播至中國和東亞的港口及腹地，直到公元五世紀， 才出現抵達印度的中國僧人，最早的記載是法顯 （公元337–422）── 一位三歲就加入僧團的出家 人。從這個例子的觀察來推敲，最初成為出家僧侶的中國人，是在孩提時期，甚至可能是在孤兒的身世背景下認識佛教。中國僧人抵達印度是佛教歷史上很重要的一刻，因為其顯示了，中國僧人在面臨教理和實踐方面的問題時，不再完全依賴來自印度的傳教士，而能自行開啟尋找答案之 旅。
法顯的旅行目的，是為了求取律典（Vinaya）， 希望讓中國僧侶的生活能夠完全遵照佛陀所規定的行為準則，其旅行也讓我們意識到，當時在中國及海港社區，佛教徒對於宗教信仰所關切的重要課題。公元五世紀初期，中國的出家人有明顯 增加。隨著人數迅速增長，中國僧侶開始對來自東亞各國僧侶和僧尼的行儀規範、受戒條件，甚至服裝穿法等方面，生起疑問。可想而知，生活 於本土與那些雲遊四處的僧侶間的差異愈來愈顯 著。因此，關乎中國的出家僧眾應遵循哪些行 儀、規矩，應如何穿著、受持哪些儀式等課題， 佛館雙閣樓外的玄奘大師園區佛館菩提廣場上八宗祖師-玄奘大師 《大唐西域記》佛光文化出版 佛光文化悅讀網 https://www.fgs.com.tw 成為五世紀旅行者的主要關注點。法顯表示，中 國僧眾生活方式的千差萬別造成極為混亂的情景，東來傳教的僧人也經常嚴厲的批評那些初入僧團的中國人。因受到這些問題的困擾，法顯決定直接前往印度求取完整的戒律，以在中國建立一個被認可及正統的僧團社會。
法顯逗留於印度和斯里蘭卡的日子有不錯的成果，他不但尋找到其所渴求的典籍，也參觀了重要寺院，其中之一是斯里蘭卡的無畏山寺 （Abhayagiri），此寺院當時與大乘佛教有很深的因緣，且有大規模的比丘尼僧眾。他在這裡接 觸到的比丘尼，皆已受具足戒，並且她們依循戒律的規範生活。有賴於這段因緣，法顯帶回中國的律藏典籍當中，包含比丘尼的戒法。前後歷經二十年的旅程，他準備返國時，無畏山寺的十名比丘尼隨行他回廣州，法顯希望藉由十名比丘和十名比丘尼主持儀式，讓中國婦女可以受持具足戒法，此「二部僧受」戒會，是中國婦女成為正式尼眾必經的儀式。
法顯在斯里蘭卡生活了兩年，他除了複抄文本，也獲取他認為對中國有重要性的其他典籍， 在斯里蘭卡生活將近兩年之間，他親眼目睹一位商人送來一把中國產製的白色絲綢扇。在內亞的長途跋涉中，逐漸淡忘了中國文化的法顯，如今在斯里蘭卡進入與中國直接往來的貿易圈，當他看到那把扇子、聽聞有航往祖國的船舶，心中便滿懷返回中國的渴望。 從法顯的旅行資料來看，他啟程時會選擇遙長 的陸地路線，是因為在他的認知裡，印度位於一路西行的地理方位，因此，他依循動物大篷車商隊運載貨物的路徑──從印度西海岸港口和沿其河 流的腹地道路，再穿過內亞抵達長安──反向而行。然而，當他對海上航線有更多了解後，加上已身處有船舶往返中國的斯里蘭卡，便決定乘搭船舶回國，不採取穿越內亞的原途。他所經歷的第一次航行是從孟加拉灣南下印度東海岸，其船舶倚賴東北季風（十月至十二月期間）的風向行 駛，而他後來由斯里蘭卡回程，則仰賴西南季風 （七月至九月期間）航往東、北的方向。
法顯由斯里蘭卡返程的路途中受到氣旋襲擊， 為了讓船隻保持漂浮的狀態，船員將船上貨物扔到海裡。此時，法顯深怕他在斯里蘭卡費心蒐集的佛教典籍會被扔掉，據他的敘述，暴風雨來臨期間，他與船員們的關係愈加緊繃，船員開始威脅要把他扔進海裡，因為害怕是法顯給他們帶來霉運，而法顯的隨行侍者則予以警告，船員要是這麼做，將會受到懲罰，於是，船員還是讓法顯留在船上一同航行。上述插曲中的船員並不是佛教徒，他們是來自印度洋西部地區的水手。
然而，發生在法顯身上的劫難並未結束，數週後，當船隻航越安達曼海進入南中國海後，季風將它吹向中國海岸以北的方向，導致其錯失進入 廣州的珠江關口，而船員們對船隻當時的所在地亦失去掌握。那個時代的海上航行仍然困難重重，例如，船隻沒有判斷經度的功能、船長缺乏準確的地圖、船隻在暴風雨中任由狂風吹拂等。 終於，在七十餘天後，船上的水和食物開始耗 盡，在不確定所在位置的情況下，船員將船隻靠岸，並試圖向當地人詢問，令他們訝異的是，船隻已隨風漂浮到位於廣州以北一千多英里的山東半島，比起船隻要在廣州登陸的原先計畫，這讓法顯意料之外離首都更近。
法顯和他所帶回的文本並未能解決有關比丘尼 受戒的問題，在求那跋摩（Gunavarman）（367– 431）這位重要僧人抵達廣州時，其仍然是一個令人關切的課題。求那跋摩來自喀什米爾，據說， 他是那裡的王室成員，由於其地理位置的緣故， 人們會以為，要從喀什米爾到東亞的漢地領土， 完全只能採取商隊路線。然而，如同求那跋摩等僧人所選擇的路徑，喀什米爾人常常經由南下的商隊路線走到印度西海岸，再從那裡航海至斯里 蘭卡、東南亞和中國。在其旅途的一開始，法顯 與同行的貨運商隊，從中國穿越內陸地區抵達喀什米爾後，他並沒有再跟隨商隊後續的路程，換 言之，法顯沒有選擇該地區多數旅行者所走的南北相接主要道路；反之，他穿越印度河，藉由所 謂的北路（Great Northern Road），往東進入恆河 盆地，由此抵達佛陀的出生地。
Master Faxian (337–422 CE): A Pilgrim's Quest for Monastic Discipline
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The transmission of Buddhism to China and the broader East Asian region was a gradual process spanning centuries. It was not until the fifth century CE that the first documented Chinese monk reached India: Faxian (337–422), who had entered the monastic order at the age of three. This early ordination suggests that among the first generations of Chinese Buddhists were children—possibly orphans—who encountered the Dharma within monastic institutions. Faxian's journey marked a pivotal moment in Buddhist history: Chinese monks were no longer solely dependent on Indian missionaries to resolve doctrinal and practical questions but had begun undertaking their own pilgrimages to the Buddhist heartland in search of authoritative answers.
Motivation: Seeking the Vinaya
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Faxian's primary objective was to obtain authentic Vinaya texts—the monastic disciplinary codes established by the Buddha—to bring order to the rapidly expanding Chinese sangha. By the early fifth century, the number of monastics in China had grown substantially, yet serious uncertainties persisted regarding proper conduct, ordination procedures, and even monastic attire. Differences between locally based monks and itinerant foreign monastics became increasingly pronounced, leading to confusion and criticism. Indian missionaries often condemned the lax discipline of newly ordained Chinese monks. Troubled by this disarray, Faxian resolved to travel to India to retrieve complete Vinaya texts and establish a properly regulated, orthodox monastic community in China.
Travels in India and Sri Lanka
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Faxian spent several years in India and Sri Lanka with significant success. He visited major monastic centres, including the Abhayagiri Vihāra in Sri Lanka—a large monastery closely associated with Mahāyāna Buddhism and home to a substantial community of fully ordained bhikṣuṇīs (nuns). Observing these nuns living strictly according to Vinaya, Faxian secured texts containing the bhikṣuṇī precepts. After nearly two decades abroad, he prepared to return to China accompanied by ten Sri Lankan bhikṣuṇīs from Abhayagiri. His intention was to facilitate the "dual ordination" (erbuseng shou 二部僧受) ceremony in China—requiring both a quorum of ten bhikṣus (monks) and ten bhikṣuṇīs—thus enabling Chinese women to receive full ordination as recognised members of the Buddhist sangha.
During his nearly two-year stay in Sri Lanka, Faxian not only copied texts but also collected other scriptures he deemed vital for China. A poignant moment occurred when he saw a white silk fan of Chinese manufacture presented by a merchant to the monastery. Having grown distant from his homeland during years of overland travel through Inner Asia, this encounter with a familiar object—and news of ships sailing directly between Sri Lanka and China—rekindled his longing to return.
Return by Sea: Perilous Voyages and Monsoon Routes
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Initially, Faxian had travelled westward overland, following established caravan routes used by merchants, moving from Chang'an through Central Asia, across the Indian subcontinent, and into the Ganges Basin to visit sites associated with the Buddha's life. However, after learning of active maritime trade linking Sri Lanka and China, he chose to return by sea.
His first sea voyage took him southward from the Bay of Bengal along India's eastern coast, relying on the northeast monsoon (October–December). Later, departing from Sri Lanka for China, he sailed with the southwest monsoon (July–September), which carried ships eastward and northward toward Southeast Asia and southern China.
The return journey proved harrowing. A violent cyclone struck the vessel, forcing sailors to jettison cargo to keep the ship afloat. Fearing his precious Buddhist manuscripts would be discarded, Faxian faced rising tension with the crew—non-Buddhist sailors from the western Indian Ocean—who blamed him for bringing misfortune and even threatened to throw him overboard. His attendant warned that such an act would bring divine retribution, persuading the crew to let him remain aboard.
travelled
Weeks later, after crossing the Andaman Sea into the South China Sea, the monsoon winds pushed the ship far north of its intended destination. Lacking instruments to determine longitude, accurate charts, or control in storm conditions, the vessel drifted off course. After more than seventy days at sea with dwindling supplies, the crew made landfall and inquired of locals—to their astonishment, they had reached the Shandong Peninsula, over a thousand miles north of Guangzhou. Ironically, this unintended landing brought Faxian closer to the Chinese capital than his original plan had been to disembark at Guangzhou's Pearl River Delta.
Legacy and Unresolved Issues
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Despite Faxian's efforts and the texts he brought back, the formal establishment of bhikṣuṇī ordination in China remained incomplete. The issue persisted until the arrival of another important monk, Guṇavarman (367–431), a Kashmiri royal who travelled not overland—as one might expect given Kashmir's location—but via the western Indian coast, then by sea through Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia to Guangzhou. Like many travelers of the era, Guṇavarman used a hybrid route: descending from Kashmir to India's western ports before embarking on maritime passages eastward.
Notably, after reaching Kashmir with a merchant caravan early in his journey, Faxian diverged from the main north-south trunk route favoured by most travelers. Instead, he crossed the Indus River and took the "Great Northern Road" eastward into the Ganges basin, ultimately reaching the Buddha's birthplace.
travellers
Historical Significance
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Faxian's pilgrimage, recorded in his A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms (Foguo Ji), represents more than a personal spiritual quest. It reflects the maturation of Chinese Buddhism—its growing institutional complexity, its engagement with transregional networks of trade and faith, and its determination to ground local practice in authoritative Indic sources. His journey also illuminates the interconnected maritime and overland routes that linked China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia long before the better-known travels of Xuanzang in the seventh century. Through his courage and perseverance, Faxian helped lay the foundations for a properly regulated monastic tradition in East Asia.
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#佛教 #絲綢之路 #海線絲綢之路

18/09/2022

Gilled Copper Four-Armed Ganesha,
Qinghai Tibet, 15th Century
銅鎏金四臂象鼻財神立像, 西藏青藏, 15世紀
請瀏覽 - 主要網頁 : https://www.sotoasianart.com/
銅鎏金象鼻財神立像。象頭神是印度三大神祗之一，具有毀滅再創生宇宙展現能力之濕婆與雪山神女烏瑪所生的長子伽內什。
伽內什(象鼻神)本來是陰險之惡鬼神，後來被十一面觀世音菩薩化身降服，皈依佛法。之後成為傳授富貴、善德之神。
象鼻財神在印度非常受民眾歡迎、敬仰之大神。代表着吉祥、幸運、財富的象徵。
財神頭戴孔雀尾羽冠，下垂瓔珞，面為象形，鼻向上捲，牙粗耳大，身披綬帶向後繞，圍成背光，項披瓔珞，盤有大青蛇，共有四手，後兩手各持繩索、利斧。前兩手，結無畏印，持骷髏血碗，右腿前伸彎曲至左膝上。左腳踏着巨大吐寶灰鼬的背上，下有蓮花座。這種造型的財神極為罕見，加上做工精巧，品相極佳，難得鎏金沉厚，不可多得極佳藏品。
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#象鼻財神 #象頭王財神 #象鼻天 #藏傳佛教 #密宗 #藏傳佛教密宗 #西藏佛教文物 #佛 #佛教 #藝術

23/08/2022

李連杰丨品沉香聞奇楠，笑對豁達人生
Jet Li ~ “The Spirit of Life”, The Taste of Kynam Agarwood Aroma
全文請瀏覽：https://www.sohu.com/a/271327834_227640
談起李連杰，最先浮現在大家腦海裡的形像是什麼？少林小子？功夫皇帝？好萊塢巨星？大慈善家？或具體到某個銀幕形象呢？方世玉？令狐衝？陳真？黃飛鴻？霍元甲……
從青澀的少林和尚，到謙遜的民團教練；從活潑的方世玉，到沉穩的中南海保鏢，從“瘋癲”的太極宗師，到勇武的精武英雄……
憑著“動作美學標準”式的武打，李連杰塑造了一個個身懷絕技，俊逸瀟灑的銀幕形象，伴隨許多人走過了童年和少年，它們的陪伴無可替代。
--- 我們的英雄老了 ---
在很多熱愛電影的人心中，李連杰和成龍、周潤發、周星馳的分量不分伯仲！尤其是那些小時候調皮，幻想著當英雄的男孩，他們不僅喜歡李連杰，還會站在電視劇面前學習他的武打動作。在學到點皮毛後，就找小伙伴們乾架。
--- 沉香是如何形成？---
沉香是一類特殊的香樹“結”出的，混合了油脂（樹脂）成分和木質成分的固態凝聚物。而這類香樹的木材本身並無特殊的香味，而且木質較為鬆軟。
沉香樹在遭受到雷擊、風折、蟲害感染或人畜危害等各種傷害時，自身會分泌樹脂修補受傷部位。某些傷口由於在開放期感染真菌，受傷部位難以完成真正意義上的癒合，因此，開啟了為治療創傷持久的、奇妙的沉香製造與累積的過程。甚至經歷數百年漫長歲月，才誕生了珍惜的優質沉香。沉香樹脂經長年累月沉積，一直下降到根部最好，且年代越久品質越好，經濟價值越高。
一般只有數十年以上的沉香樹才可能形成沉香，而且從結香到成熟又需要很多年，所以天然沉香是很珍貴的。沉香成因複雜，成香年數的長短、含油的多少、活樹還是枯樹等很多因素都直接影響香的質量。從價值上來說，真正的沉香含油量高，其香味會通過嗅覺上的感受給人寧神怡情的享受。
--- 論奇楠，知百態生活 ---
李連杰說，奇楠是抗菌性藥材,可促進改善人體內臟功能及循環功能,主要理氣，止痛，通竅,提升免疫力,對心臟功能尤佳。更是直接品嚐奇楠，感受跳動在舌尖涼涼麻麻的感覺。
“本草備要”上載，真正上好的奇楠，“咀之軟，削之卷”，也就是說，用刀削奇楠時，就好像削皮革或者年糕這種感覺，又軟又韌；咀嚼奇楠屑的時候，則有一種混合多種感覺的香氣，牙齒有點黏；然後，帶點辛辣滑涼的感覺在舌尖放射，彷彿被麻到電到，還會促使你大量分泌唾液，繼而甘苦之味紛呈。
如果把奇楠屑用手指搓揉，能感覺非常有黏韌性，碎片甚至能捏成團。奇楠的香味有很大的穿透力，生香味就十分強烈，低溫熏後，有非常奇特的香味。
初香如悠遠花草之香，極其優美，本香亦甜涼濃郁，尾香乳味迷人而持久。讓奇楠的香氣在每一個鼻息之間流躥跳動，次次迷醉，次次回味，香氣從鼻腔中躥上腦門直達天庭，在頭頂上縈繞，有時氣動躥至後腦勺，有時回潤到喉頭上，使人心神嚮往難以言喻。
--- 站在掌聲外，笑對人生 ---
憑藉深厚紮實的武學功底，李連杰將力量和武術美感融合一體，將力量、速度、柔韌、招式融會貫通，讓中國拳腳功夫行雲流水般呈現出來。
從少林到武當，從武俠到警匪，從青澀到老練。一個個階段，一個個突破。歷經時間的錘煉，他一招一式，柔中帶剛、敏捷漂亮。炫目的武打動作在帶給我們視覺享受的同時，也展示了武術之德，弘揚了武術之精神！
而今，年過半百的李連杰進入了人生的下半場，從他出席公益活動的照片來看，這個昔日英雄已是洗盡了鉛華。即便滿臉的皺紋，他也毫不掩飾，更多的是像一個慈眉善目的修心者，對一切笑意相待！
即便歲月不饒人，衰老、病痛、磨難一齊奔來糾纏，他也坦然面對，漠然處之，不疾不徐。因為遲暮是免不了的，夕陽紅也可以很熾熱，與其感嘆輝煌不再，時光一去不返，不如和時間妥協，換一份清淨從容。
When talking about Jet Li, various images might come to mind for different people. Some may think of him as the "Shaolin Kid," the "Kung Fu Emperor," a "Hollywood Superstar," a "Great Philanthropist," or even specific screen characters like "Wong Fei-hung," "Huo Yuanjia," "Fong Sai-yuk," or "Chen Zhen."
From the youthful Shaolin monk to the humble community coach; from the lively Fong Sai-yuk to the composed bodyguard in "Once Upon a Time in China," from the "eccentric" Tai Chi master to the valiant martial arts hero—Jet Li has crafted graceful and skilled screen personas through his "action aesthetic standard" style of martial arts.
Jet Li has portrayed characters with exceptional skills and elegance, accompanying many through their childhood and youth. His influence is irreplaceable.
--- Our Hero Has Aged ---
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For many film enthusiasts, Jet Li holds a significant place alongside Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, and Stephen Chow. Especially those mischievous boys who fantasized about being heroes, they not only admire Jet Li but also imitate his martial arts moves in front of the TV. After picking up some basics, they would spar with their friends.
--- How is Agarwood Formed? ---
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Agarwood is a solidified resinous substance that is formed in certain types of aromatic trees, a mix of resinous and woody components. The wood of agarwood trees does not naturally possess a distinct fragrance and is relatively soft.
When agarwood trees face damage like lightning strikes, wind damage, insect infestation, or human and animal threats, they secrete resin to repair the wounded parts. Some wounds, infected with fungi during the open period, struggle to heal properly, leading to the remarkable process of forming and accumulating agarwood for healing wounds over extended periods, often spanning hundreds of years to produce precious high-quality agarwood. Agarwood resin accumulates over the years, descending to the roots, with older pieces of higher quality and greater economic value.
Typically, only agarwood trees aged over several decades may produce agarwood, and it takes many more years for the agarwood to mature, making natural agarwood highly prized. The formation of agarwood is complex, influenced directly by factors such as the duration of its formation, the amount of resin it contains, and whether the tree is alive or dead, all affecting the quality of the fragrance. Genuine agarwood with a high resin content offers a scent that provides a calming and enjoyable experience through olfaction.
--- On Kynam Agarwood, Knowing the Myriad Facets of Life ---
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Jet Li mentions that kynam agarwood is an antibacterial herb that can help improve organ and circulatory functions in the body, primarily aiding in qi regulation, pain relief, opening channels, enhancing immunity, and benefiting heart function. By directly tasting kynam, one can experience a cool and tingling sensation on the tongue.
According to “本草備要” (Ben Cao Bei Yao), excellent kynam is described as "soft to chew, shaved to roll." When shaving kynam, it feels like peeling leather or a soft and tough substance like sticky rice cakes. Chewing agarwood shavings releases a mixture of fragrances, slightly sticky to the teeth. A spicy and cool sensation radiates on the tongue, almost like being electrified, promoting increased saliva production, and offering a mix of bitter and sweet tastes.
When kneading kynam shavings between fingers, they feel highly sticky and even clump together. Kynam's fragrance has great penetrative power, with a strong scent when fresh and a unique aroma after low-temperature fumigation.
The initial scent is like a far-off aroma of flowers and herbs, extraordinarily beautiful, followed by a sweet, cool, and rich base scent, and a lasting milk-like fragrance at the end. Allowing the aroma of kynam to dance between each breath, intoxicating each time, the fragrance leaps from the nasal cavity to the brain, lingering at the crown of the head, sometimes reaching the back of the head or moistening the throat, evoking indescribable emotions.
--- Standing Beyond Applause, Smiling at Life ---
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Leveraging a profound foundation in martial arts, Jet Li seamlessly integrates strength and martial arts aesthetics, harmonizing power, speed, agility, and techniques, presenting Chinese martial arts like a flowing stream.
From Shaolin to Wudang, from martial arts epics to crime dramas, from youth to seasoned maturity. Each stage, each breakthrough. Through the crucible of time, his every move embodies a blend of gentleness and strength, agility and beauty. The dazzling martial arts displays not only provide visual enjoyment but also exemplify the virtues of martial arts, promoting its essence!
Today, as Jet Li enters the latter half of his life, from the photos of him attending charity events, this former hero has shed all traces of vanity. Despite the creases on his face, he does not conceal them, appearing more like a compassionate and serene individual, meeting everything with a smile!
Even as time spares no one, with ageing, illness, and hardships intertwining, he faces them calmly, unperturbed, unhurried. Because ageing is inevitable, twilight can also burn brightly; rather than lamenting the loss of past glory, as time inexorably flows away, it's better to compromise with time, exchanging it for a serene and composed demeanor.
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#功夫 #李連杰 #沉香 #品沉 #奇楠沉香 #奇楠 #茄楠 #密宗 #佛教

20/07/2022

正品沉香
About Kynam Agarwood
全文請瀏覽：https://www.sotoasianart.com/post/agarwood
沉、檀、龍、麝，是世界四大名香。沉香、檀香、龍涎香、麝香，各地香界一致認為“沉香“是四大名香之首。
沉香樹遭受電擊、雷劈，風摧，雨潲，傷創處裸露於外，被蟲吸，蟻附，獸啃鼠嚙，沉香樹受盡摧折與苦難，分泌出香液膏脂自療其傷，經過千百年，如此反反覆覆，凝結成晶體物質，這種膏脂就是沉香。
沉水香的等級，有沉水香，棧香，黃熟香。入水則沉者，名為沉水香，半浮半沉者名為棧香，稍稍入水而漂浮水面者名為黃熟香，沉水香要堅黑，沉重，滿油為上品。
天然野生奇楠（茄楠）沉香
沉香樹結香有四種不同方式：（一）熟結（又稱死沉或稱倒架）（二）生結（三）脫落 （四）蟲漏。後三種（生結、脫落、蟲漏）結香過程需是借助外力，令沉香樹致傷創，沉香樹要排出樹脂修補傷口，而形成結香。
真正天然結香，只有熟結（又稱死沉或稱倒架) ，沉香樹長期受到千百年無數傷創，不斷排出樹脂修補，凝結成膏脂，經過千百年之久令導管漸漸被膏脂填滿，失去輸送水分能力，而枯萎老死，自然倒下。這種沉香樹稱為死沉或稱為倒架。沉香樹倒下後在泥土中，風吹雨打經歷百年以上醇化才積結成優質天然野生沉香。
比沉香更高级别的奇楠與天然野生沉香中偶有在死沉樹產生共生體性質，共生過程中膏脂更豐富、更醇化，使另一部份沉香產生質變，形成與沉香完全不同的新物質，這就是奇楠。 有奇楠則必有沉香，但有沉香不一定必有奇楠。
在死沉香樹中，沉香出現奇楠共生體物質，多產生於死沉香樹的根部，樹頭的樹膽，芯材部份。
天然野生死沉香樹的沉香出現突變共生體極之少數，所以野生天然奇楠非常罕有。相比寶石、鑽石更為珍貴。
正品沉香外表是褐色，常有黑色與黃色交錯的紋理，平滑光潤，難折斷，用刀劈開，橫切面呈灰褐色，有密集整齊的小黃點紋理，俗稱為芝麻點。普通的沉香在常温下沒有香味，經薰烤、焚燃才發出香味。不過上品沉水香經人手盤玩就會發出特殊的香味，盤玩時間越長，越變越黑，越有光澤，香味温和醇厚，香味一陣一陣飄出，時斷時續釋放，燃燒時有油滲出，香味清香而濃烈。
沉香等級的高低，決定於沉香的含油量，油脂的顏色。油脂含量越高，顏色越黑，質地越堅硬，越沉重，越有光澤，等級就越高。反之，即使外表看起來油脂含量很高，顏色也很黑，亦很有光澤。但是經人手拿起來感覺得輕而薄，那麼等級也不高。
沉香在宗教中地位十分崇高，被譽為是唯一能通三界靈氣之物。是佛教，道教，天主教，基督教，伊斯蘭教等世界各大宗教共同認可的稀世珍物。沉香自古以來佛家用來禮佛，參禪打坐，避災保吉，誦經上達之聖品。
達摩祖師“悟性論“關於沉香的譬喻：
"佛在心中，如香在樹中，煩惱若盡，佛從心出，腐朽若盡，香從樹出。沉香自古就是皇族貴胄所享有，其價值正如寶石中的鑽石一樣珍貴。"
遠至宋代的時期，越南沉香已經是一片值萬金。擁有上品沉香是財富及社會地位，身份的表徵。也是具品味，優雅人仕的表徵。
在東南亞各地區，印度尼西亞，柬埔寨，泰國，緬甸，馬來西亞，老檛等國也出產沉香。不過當中以中國海南省，越南所出產的沉香最為優質。
中國歷代皇室推舉擁有沉香為高貴身份象徵，並應用於外交活動，成為國家交流的重要禮物之一。加上皇室日夜大量薰燒消耗，令沉香供不應求。
乾隆皇帝的40多個后妃中，有一位維吾爾族女子，她就是聞名遐邇的「香妃」。在后妃中她真正的稱號是容妃。容妃一生深得乾隆皇帝寵愛，所得金銀珠寶綢緞等賞賜無數。在她死後遺物清單中「伽南香十八羅漢」十一盤，「伽南香朝珠」三盤，「伽南香念珠」二盤，「伽南香牌子手鐲」一對。可見乾隆深知容妃對沉香的喜愛。擁有如此之多的奇楠香的容妃，確是名副其實的「香妃」。
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#沉香 #奇楠沉香 #奇楠 #茄楠 #密宗 #佛 #佛教 #乾隆 #香妃 #故宮 #宋朝 #唐朝 #清朝

Soto Asian Art specialises in 8th to 16th centuries Himalayan-Tibetan Asian Art. 禪藏珍藏可供收藏家, 藝術機構, 學者, 提供選擇。

20/07/2022

清 乾隆六年 楊維占 雕茄楠木香山九老 - 國立故宮博物院
Kynam Agarwood carving of the Nine Elders of Xiangshan. Yang Weizhan, 1741, 6th Year Qing Qianlong - National Palace Museum, Taipei
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以整塊茄楠木雕刻「香山九老」，即唐武宗會昌五年（845），詩人白居易於洛陽香山，與八位七十歲以上致仕友人的文會場景。下方有︰「乾隆辛酉年小臣楊維占恭製」刻款，為廣東牙匠楊維占（楊維占是來自廣東的牙匠，乾隆年間在內務府造辦處供役），刻於乾隆六年。同時正面山壁刻有乾隆六年十二月之〈題刻畫伽楠香山九老圖〉，收錄於清高宗《御製詩．初集》。
Carved from a whole piece of kynam, it depicts the scene of the 'Nine Elders of Xiangshan,' which occurred in the fifth year of the Hui Chang era (845) during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty. The scene portrays the poet Bai Juyi's gathering with eight retired friends over seventy in Xiangshan, Luoyang. Below the carving, there is an inscription that reads, 'Made respectfully by the humble servant Yang Weizhan in the year Xinyou of the Qianlong reign.' The carving was made by Yang Weizhan, a craftsman from Guangdong who served in the Imperial Household Department in the sixth year of the Qianlong reign. Additionally, on the front mountain wall is an inscription of the 'Title Inscription and Painted Carving of the Nine Elders of Xiangshan,' created in the twelfth month of the sixth year of the Qianlong reign. It is included in the 'Imperial Collection of Poetry, Volume One,' compiled by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty.
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#故宮

20/07/2022

Natural Nha Trang Vietnamese Black Oil Kynam Agarwood Beads
天然野生 - 越南芽莊黑油奇楠沉香
Link Full Read : https://www.calameo.com/books/0065543394c55981de992
Throughout history in China, the four renowned aromatic fragrant (世界四大名香) have been written extensively by scholars and collectors. Agarwood, Indian Sandalwood, Ambergris, and Musk, each has its own merits and unique properties. The distinctive characteristic of agarwood (沉香) is the world’s most expensive wood and highly sought-after among collectors owing to its exceptional rarity, its cultural values and religious significance; in addition, it is considered by scholars as the leader among the four fragrant.
Trees of genus Aquilaria (incense tree produce agarwood) produce a dark aromatic resin at wounds, a reaction against natural weathers in storms, lightning strikes, heavy rain, and gusty wind or wounds produced from wildlife; attacks from ant hives, insects, and forest animals. The accumulation of dark aromatic resin through repetition over hundreds of years at wounds will produce the resinous wood enter into the under the trade name “agarwood”.
Natural Kynam (Kyara) Agarwood (天然野生奇楠沉香)
The 4 different processes in the formation of agarwood are as follows; (1.) Tree Lifecycle (also known as fallen or snags agarwood) (熟結), (2.) Artificial Cultivation (生結), (3.) Natural Weather Occurrence (脫落), and (4.) Wildlife Occurrence (蟲漏). The processes in (2.) Artificial Cultivation (生結), (3.) Natural Weather Occurrence (脫落), and (4.) Wildlife Occurrence (蟲漏) requires external strains, either environmental or insect and fungal infection (3.) (4.) or artificial man-made cultivation (2.) for the formation of the fragrant resin.
The process of build-up and infusion of dark aromatic resin in the fragrant wood through a period of several hundred or even a thousand years, with the tree enters the final twilight stage of its lifecycle without the assistance of external strains; the natural ecological occurrence of fallen deceased incense tree (1.) Tree Lifecycle (also known as fallen or snags agarwood) (熟結), is the only process that often produces the highest quality of agarwood. The fallen deceased incense tree will undergo a further several hundred years of natural decomposition in the surrounding soil before the resinous wood transforms into high-quality natural agarwood (優質天然野生沉香).
Kynam (Kyara) (天然野生奇楠沉香) is the rarest type of agarwood and the most expensive aromatic substance on earth, rarer than diamond, titanium, and platinum; originates in the jungles of Vietnam and China. Only one form of fungal bacteria is present during normal decomposition and formation of natural agarwood (優質天然野生沉香). But under rare circumstances, two forms of fungal bacteria are present during the decomposition phase. The presence of two forms of fungal bacteria will transform natural agarwood (天然野生沉香) into the most prized Kynam (Kyara) (天然野生奇楠沉香). Rich in oil with a deep but pure aroma fragrant, Kynam can only be found in the roots, and centre section of the tree stump of a naturally deceased incense tree [(1.) Tree Lifecycle formation].
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19/05/2022

今天，一些釋迦牟尼佛的追隨者正在慶祝衛塞節——佛陀的誕辰。佛教徒相信，佛陀在現今尼泊爾東部地區的藍毘尼園中的一棵樹下奇蹟般地誕生。在這幅描繪佛陀生平故事的畫作中央，便展現了佛陀降生的情景：他的母親摩耶夫人站立著，手扶樹枝，而佛陀則從她的右脅出生。
許多印度大師曾寫下優美的詩篇以紀念這一非凡的誕生，其中龍樹菩薩所作的《讚釋迦牟尼佛》或許是眾多信徒最為熟知的一篇。龍樹菩薩在詩中專為佛陀的奇蹟降生獻上一偈，其文如下：
稽首釋迦之子，
懷胎十月而生，
降誕於吉祥藍毘尼園，
梵天帝釋敬禮汝之相好，
昭示汝必證無上正覺。
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#衛塞節

Today, some followers of Buddha Shakyamuni are celebrating Vesak Day, the birthday of Buddha. Buddhists believe that Buddha had a miracle birth under a tree in the Lumbini Grove in the eastern district of current Nepal. The birth of Buddha is depicted in the center of this painting of Buddha’s life story. His mother, Maya Devi, is shown standing and grasping a tree branch, while Buddha is born out of her side.

Many Indian masters wrote beautiful poems to mark this remarkable birth, and Nagarjuna’s “A Praise of Buddha Shakyamuni” is perhaps the most well known to many followers. Nagarjuna dedicated a verse to the miracle birth of Buddha with the following lines:

Homage to you, son of the Shakyas, born after ten months
In the auspicious Lumbini grove,
Brahmā and Indra revered your supreme marks
Proving you were destined to be enlightened.
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Birth of the Buddha, from a set of the Twelve Deeds of the Buddha; Tibet; 20th century; pigments on cloth; Rubin Museum of Art; Gift of Shelley & Donald Rubin Foundation; F1997.42.1 (HAR 572)