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06/01/2022

στρατιώτης stratiṓtēs 'soldier', nom.pl. οἱ στρατιῶται hoi stratiôtai 'the soldiers'
In oxytone words, the accent changes to a circumflex in the genitive and dative (also in the plural and dual), just as in the definite article:

τῆς στρατιᾶς tês stratiâs 'of the army', τῇ στρατιᾷ têi stratiâi 'for the army'
All 1st declension nouns have a circumflex on the final syllable in the genitive plural:[66]

στρατιωτῶν stratiōtôn 'of soldiers', ἡμερῶν hēmerôn 'of days'

06/01/2022

In proparoxytone words like θάλασσα thálassa, with a short final vowel, the accent moves to the penultimate in the accusative plural, and in the genitive and dative singular, dual, and plural, when the final vowel becomes long:

θάλασσα thálassa 'sea', gen. τῆς θαλάσσης tês thalássēs 'of the sea'
In words with penultimate accent, the accent is persistent, that is, as far as possible it stays on the same syllable when the noun changes case. But if the last two vowels are long–short, it changes to a circumflex:

06/01/2022

ἀγορά agorá 'market', στρατιά stratiá 'army', τιμή timḗ 'honour', ἀρχή arkhḗ 'empire; beginning', ἐπιστολή epistolḗ 'letter', κεφαλή kephalḗ 'head', ψυχή psukhḗ 'soul', βουλή boulḗ 'council'
A very few have a contracted ending with a circumflex on the last syllable:

γῆ gê 'earth, land', Ἀθηνᾶ Athēnâ 'Athena', μνᾶ mnâ 'mina (coin)'
Masculine 1st declension nouns usually have penultimate accent:

στρατιώτης stratiṓtēs 'soldier', πολίτης polítēs 'citizen', νεανίας neanías 'young man', ναύτης naútēs 'sailor', Πέρσης Pérsēs 'Persian', δεσπότης despótēs 'master', Ἀλκιβιάδης Alkibiádēs 'Alcibiades', Μιλτιάδης Miltiádēs 'Miltiades'
A few, especially agent nouns, are oxytone:

06/01/2022

Those ending in short -α -a are all recessive:[65]

θάλασσα thálassa 'sea', Μοῦσα Moûsa 'Muse (goddess of music)', βασίλεια basíleia 'queen', γέφυρα géphura 'bridge', ἀλήθεια alḗtheia 'truth', μάχαιρα mákhaira 'dagger', γλῶσσα glôssa 'tongue, language'
Of those which end in long -α -a or -η -ē, some have penultimate accent:

οἰκία oikía 'house', χώρα khṓra 'country', νίκη níkē 'victory', μάχη mákhē 'battle', ἡμέρα hēméra 'day', τύχη túkhē 'chance', ἀνάνκη anánkē 'necessity', τέχνη tékhnē 'craft', εἰρήνη eirḗnē 'peace'
Others are oxytone:

06/01/2022

The definite article in the nominative singular and plural masculine and feminine just has a rough breathing, and no accent:

ὁ θεός ho theós 'the god'
οἱ θεοί hoi theoí 'the gods'
Otherwise the nominative and accusative have an acute accent, which in the context of a sentence, is written as a grave:

τὸν θεόν tòn theón 'the god' (accusative)
τὰ ὅπλα tà hópla 'the weapons'
The genitive and dative (singular, plural and dual), however, are accented with a circumflex:

τῆς οἰκίας tês oikías 'of the house' (genitive)
τῷ θεῷ tôi theôi 'for the god' (dative)
τοῖς θεοῖς toîs theoîs 'for the gods' (dative plural)
τοῖν θεοῖν toîn theoîn 'of/to the two goddesses' (genitive or dative dual)
1st and 2nd declension oxytones, such as θεός theós, are accented the same way as the article, with a circumflex in the genitive and dative.

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