28/05/2026
SAA
To Examine
saa /v/ to examine, to consider, to try to understand or find out; to think about’; (n.) *saˀa-a ‘thought, idea, understanding, inquiry, examination, consideration, investigation’; {intensive (prefix) + [forehead] to face = to be turned toward, to face toward, to front, {positioned directly opposite or facing a specific landmark. (e.g., “The beach house fronts the ocean.”)}, to give attention to};
¶¶ PATL *saˀa: (vb.) ‘to examine, to consider, to try to understand or find out; to think about’; (n.) ‘thought, idea, understanding, inquiry, examination, consideration, investigation’;
¶¶ PC *saˀa: (in the extension): *sāg- (*saˀag-) {+ K?E or K?O, + ‘be bowed forward or twist’, PL SA-?A-K?E/K?O} ‘to examine, to consider, to try to find out, to try to understand, to think about, to track, trail; to feel, smell’; (vb.) ‘to examine, to consider, to try to understand or find out; to think about’; (n.) ‘thought, idea, understanding, inquiry, examination, consideration, investigation’; > Old Irish saigid ‘to seek out, to approach, to attack’;
¶¶ Egyptian (in the extension): sj3 (vb.) ‘recognize, perceive’; ‘know, be aware of’; sj3 jb ‘perceptive’; sj3 rd ‘wary of tread”; (n.)’ ‘perception, knowledge’; as god; (often with det. ); sj3 ht ‘wisdom’ {Gardiner S32 G1 A2} and {Gardiner S29 Aa17 G1 M17 S32 A2} {+ RE ‘apply’, PL SA-ʔA-RE};
¶¶ Proto-Afrasian: saʔa-, śaʔa-, saa, *caʔ- “to recognize, perceive, know”; Cush*tic: The Proto-Cush*tic *śa- or *śaH- “to look at, see, or recognize.”; Afar-Saho: The Cush*tic languages Afar and Saho: saa or sah “to know.”; Somali: saa / sah “to look into,” “to reconnoiter,” or “to scan/observe.” This directly matches the reconstructed Cush*tic root *śaʔ- or *śaH- (“to look at, perceive”).; sahwado “to perceive,” “to glimpse,” or “to have an inkling of something.”; saansaar (or saansaa) “sign,” “indication,” or “perceived appearance” of something (e.g., weather patterns or an incoming situation).; Oromo: In Afaan Oromoo: saa / sahuu: “to be aware,” “to notice,” or “to keep an eye on.”; sobaa / soba: While in modern Oromo this commonly translates to “illusion,” “lie,” or “untruth,” etymologists trace its origin to an older sense of “imagining,” “supposing,” or “a perceived (but incorrect) thought,” shifting from neutral perception to a deceptive one.; siri / sirrii: “correct,” “straight,” or “accurate.” In comparative Afroasiatic structures, this points back to “properly perceived” or “recognized reality.”; ¶ (in the extension): Proto-Semitic: *šaʔar- / *śaaꜣ- (reconstructed) {PL SA-ʔA-RE} “to notice, to perceive, to estimate.”; Egyptian (in the extension): sj3 (vb.) ‘recognize, perceive’; ‘know, be aware of’; sj3 jb ‘perceptive'; sj3 rd 'wary of tread”; (n.)’ ‘perception, knowledge’; as god; (often with det. ); sj3 ht 'wisdom' {Gardiner S32 G1 A2} and {Gardiner S29 Aa17 G1 M17 S32 A2} {PL SA-ʔA-RE}; (in the extension): sḫ3 (for *sjḫ3) ‘to remember, to call to mind, to think about’ {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO-RE??}, sḫ3w ‘remembrance, memory’ {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO-RE-FA??}, sḫr ‘thought, idea, plan, determination, counsel, Will’ {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO-RO??}, ¶ (in the extension): *sagu, *sag- (for *saʔagu, *saʔg-??) {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO} “to think, notice, understand, point out, call to mind”; Semitic: Arabic: saǧw-/saǧaa ‘to be calm, ponder, steady’; Akkadian: Relates to roots dealing with mental deliberation or speech acts, occasionally compared to concepts of pacing, calculating, or arranging. Cush*tic: East Cush*tic (e.g., Somali, Oromo): sagg- / sag- “to think, notice, understand, or point out”. Agaw / Central Cush*tic: s-g or s-k template.“mind,” “intellect,” or “to know”; Chadic: West Chadic (e.g., Hausa, Angas groups): saqa / s-k “to weave together” or “to construct a plan,” shifting semantically to mental calculation.; Central Chadic: s-g- “to speak, tell, or call to mind.”; Berber (Amazigh): Proto-Berber: Reconstructed roots tracking *s-k or *s-g commonly show up in verbs for “to resemble, think about, or remember,” as well as nouns representing “intellect” or “custom/will”; (?) Egyptian (in the extension): sḫ3 (for *sjḫ3) ‘to remember, to call to mind, to think about’ {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO-RE??}, sḫ3w ‘remembrance, memory’ {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO-RE-FA??}, sḫr ‘thought, idea, plan, determination, counsel, Will’ {PL SA(-ʔA)-KʔXO-RO??}, The primary hieroglyphic compositions and their exact Gardiner codes include:
1. sḫ3 (𓋴𓆼𓄿𓀁) – "to remember, to call to mind, to think about"
𓋴 (S29): Folded cloth. Uniliteral phonogram for the sound s.
𓆼 (M12): Lotus stalk with leaf and bud. Triliteral phonogram for the sound ḫ3.
𓄿 (G1): Egyptian vulture. Uniliteral phonogram for the sound 3 (used here as a phonetic complement to reinforce the 3 in ḫ3).
𓀁 (A2): Man with hand to mouth. Determinative classifying actions of the mind, thinking, eating, drinking, or speaking.
2. sḫ3w (𓋴𓆼𓄿𓏲𓏞𓏥) – "remembrance, memory"
𓋴 (S29): Folded cloth (s).
𓆼 (M12): Lotus stalk (ḫ3).
𓄿 (G1): Egyptian vulture (3).
𓏲 (Z7): Quail chick variant / hieratic abbreviation. Phonogram for the plural/noun ending w.
𓏞 (Y1): Sealed papyrus scroll. Determinative for abstract concepts, thoughts, writing, and formal words.
𓏥 (Z2): Three plural strokes. Indicates a plural noun form or an abstract collective concept.
3. sḫr (𓋴𓐍𓂋𓏞) – "thought, idea, plan, determination, counsel, Will"
𓋴 (S29): Folded cloth (s).
𓐍 (Aa1): Human placenta (debated origin). Uniliteral phonogram for the sound ḫ.
𓂋 (D21): Human mouth. Uniliteral phonogram for the sound r. 𓏞 (Y1): Sealed papyrus scroll. Determinative for abstract ideas, plans, documents, and intellectual concepts. ; Coptic eršiši ‘to have power, to have authority’ (< iri sḫr ‘to take care of’, literally, ‘to make plans’). Gardiner 1957:591; Lesko 2002—2004.II:67, II:67—68, II:72—73; Erman—Grapow 1921:168, 170, And 1926—1963.4:232—234, 4:258—260; Hannig 1995:742 and 748—749; Faulkner 1962:240 and 243—244; Černý 1976:38; Vycichl 1983:47.
¶¶ IE: Hittite (Anatolian): sā(i)- / sa-a-i (verb) “to look at, to track, to examine intently.”; Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan): cayati / ca- / ci- (verb root) “to observe, to perceive, to discern, to search for.”
¶¶ IE (in the extension): *sāg- (*saˀag-) ‘to track, trail; to feel, smell’; {+ K?E or K?O, + ‘be bowed forward or twist’, PL SA-?A-K?E/K?O}; Deutsche Übersetzung: “(witternd) nachspũren”; Grammatical information: (*sǝg-) forms an athematic root present tense; Note: previous hunter's word; Material: Gk. ἡγέομαι, Dor. ἁγ̄ έομαι “go ahead, lead, guide”, after Hom. “believe, my”, ἡγεμών, ἡγήτωρ “leader”; Lat. sügiō, -īre “acute sentire, sense, anticipate”, sügus “fortune-telling, prophetic, magical”, süga “fortune-teller” (but sagana “sorceress” from Gk. *σαγάνη); sügüx, -ücis 'sharp, sniffing; sharp witted, shrewd"; O.Ir. saigim "go a thing after, search, seek" (on the 3rd pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606 ff.), Welsh haeddu "earn", cy-r-haedd "reach" and likewise; here probably the Ir. denominatives on -aigim (Welsh -haaf); O.Ir. sür m. “Insult, iniuria” (*sag-ro-), verbal noun sürugud (*sagro-sagitus): M.Welsh sayrhaed f., Welsh sarhad “insult” (Ir. Lw.); sø̄kja ‘to seek, assault’, O.E. sǣ can ds., O.H.G. suohhen ‘to seek’, Goth. sōkns “investigation, dispute”, O.E. sōcn f. “investigation, attack, jurisdiction”; ablaut. Goth. sakan, sōk ‘sich quarrel, quarrel, squabble”, gasakan “threaten, punish, curse, transfer”, O.H.G. (etc.) sahhan “rebuke, reproach, scold, chide, argue in court”, O.Ice.sǫk “Legal matter, lament, thing, caused”, O.E. sacu f. “Legal proceedings, prosecution, fight”, O.H.G. sahha “fight, court proceedings, thing” etc.; O.Ice. saka “wail, harm”, sütt, sǣtt f., (*sahti-) “comparison, peace”, (> O.E. seht ds.), süttr (*sahta-R) “reconciled”; Goth. in-sahts f. “statement”, O.E. in-siht f. ds. (*in-sak-ti); Hitt. šak(k)-, šek(k)- “aware, skillful”. It seems that through Alb. intermediate from Root süg- : (to track, trail; to feel, smell) derived Root gʷhen-2(ǝ)- : (to hit); References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41, 222 ff.;
¶¶ Proto-Indo-European (in the extension): *saˀak’- (> *sāk’-) {+ K?E or K?O, + ‘be bowed forward or twist’, PL SA-?A-K?E/K?O}; ‘to examine, to consider, to try to find out, to try to understand, to think about’: Latin sāgiō ‘to perceive quickly, to feel keenly’, sāgus ‘prophetic’, sāga ‘wise woman, Fortune-teller’, sāgax ‘keen, acute, intellectually quick’; Greek ἡγέομαι ‘to Go before, to lead the way, to guide, to conduct; to suppose, to believe, to Hold’; Old Irish saigid ‘to seek out, to approach, to attack’; Gothic sōkjan ‘to seek, to desire, to long for, to argue with, to dispute’, sōkjan samana ‘to Reason together, to discuss’, sōkns ‘search, inquiry’, sōkeins ‘investigation’, us-sōkjan ‘to search, to examine, to judge’, sōkareis ‘investigator, disputer’; Old Icelandic sœkja ‘to seek’; Swedish söka ‘to Seek’; Norwegian søkja ‘to seek’; Danish søge ‘to seek’; Old English sēcan ‘to seek, to try to find, to try to get, to try to find out, to investigate, to Inquire’, sōcn ‘investigation’; Old Frisian sēka ‘to seek’; Old Saxon sōkian ‘to seek’; Dutch zoeken ‘to seek’; Old High German suohhan ‘to seek’ (New High German suchen), suochāri ‘searcher’. Perhaps also Hittite Šākiya- ‘to give a sign or omen; to signify, to declare’, šagaiš ‘sign, omen’ (cf. Melchert 1994a:69 — Melchert assumes loss of the laryngeal š, with Compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel). Rix 1998a:470—471 *sehøg- ‘to investigate, to look or inquire into, to track’; Pokorny 1959:876—877 *sāg- (*sǝg-) ‘to seek out’; Walde 1927—1932.II:449 *sāg- (*sǝg-); Mann 1984—1987:1107 *sā̆gi̯ō ‘to get to know, to inquire, To perceive, to sense’; Watkins 1985:55 *sāg- and 2000:72 *sāg- ‘to seek Out’ (oldest form *sešg-, colored to *sašg-, contracted to *sāg-; suffixed Form *sāg-yo-); Gamkrelidze—Ivanov 1984.II:805 *sāk’- and 1995.I:705—706 *sāk’- ‘to recognize by signs, omens; to ask (the god’s Will)’; Mallory—Adams 1997:505—506 *sahag- ‘to perceive acutely, to Seek out’; Boisacq 1950:314 *sāg- : *səg-; Frisk 1970—1973.I:621—622 *sāgei̯o/e-; Hofmann 1966:104 *sāg-; Chantraine 1968—1980.I:405—406; Beekes 2010.I:508—509 *sehøg-; De Vaan 2008:534—535; Ernout—Meillet 1979:580 *sāg-, *səg-; Walde—Hofmann 1965—1972.II:464—465 *sāg-, *səg-; Orël 2003:360 Proto-Germanic *sōkiz, 360 *sōkjanan, 360 *sōkniz; Kroonen 2013:464 Proto-Germanic *sōkjan- ‘to seek, to find, To demand’ (< *sehøg-i̯e-); Feist 1939:442 *sāg- (or *sāĝ-); Lehmann 1986:318 *sāg- ‘to perceive acutely’; De Vries 1977:577; Falk—Trop 1903—1906.II:343; Torp 1919:765; Onions 1966:806 *sāg-, *səg-; Klein 1971:668 *sāg-; Skeat 1898:538; Kluge—Mitzka 1967:762 *sāg-; Kluge—Seebold 1989:713; Kloekhorst 2008b:697—698 *sehøg-ōi-.
¶¶ Uralic: Proto-Finno-Ugric: *sā- / *śa- (reconstructed stem) “to notice, to observe, to get to know.”;
¶¶ Proto-Altaic *sā- ‘to think, to consider, to count’: Proto-Tungus *sā- ‘to Know’ > Manchu sa- ‘to know, to understand’; Evenki sā- ‘to learn, to Come to know’; Lamut / Even hā- ‘to find out’, hān ‘knowledge’; Negidal Sā- ‘to know’; Ulch sāwụ ‘to know’; Orok sā- ‘to know’; Nanay / Gold sā- ‘to know’; Oroch sā- ‘to know’; Udihe sā- ‘to know’; Solon sā- ‘to know’. Proto-Mongolian *sā-n-a- ‘to think’ > Mongolian sana- ‘to think, to Reflect, to ponder’, sana¦-a(n) ‘thought, thinking, idea, reflection, Attention’, sanal ‘thought, reflection, idea, supposition, proposal, intention; Opinion, viewpoint’, sanamǯi ‘thought, idea’; Buriat (Alar) hana- ‘to Think’; Dagur sana- ‘to think’; Ordos sana- ‘to think’; Monguor sana- ‘to Think’. Poppe 1955:164. Proto-Turkic *sā(y)- ‘to count, to consider’, *sā-n ‘number, count’ > Old Turkic sa- ‘to count’, san ‘number’; Turkish sayı ‘number, reckoning’, saymak ‘to count, to number, to enumerate; to regard, To count as; to esteem, to respect; to deem, to suppose’, saygı ‘respect, Esteem; thoughtfulness, consideration’, sayım ‘a counting, census’, sayın ‘esteemed; excellent’, san- ‘to think, to suppose, to deem’, sanı ‘idea, Imagination’; Gagauz say- ‘to count, to consider’; Azerbaijani say- ‘to Count, to consider’; Karaim say- ‘to count, to consider’; Turkmenian sāy- ‘to count, to consider’, sān ‘number’; Kazakh say- ‘to count, to consider’; Chuvash su-, sъv- ‘to count, to consider’; Yakut ā- ‘to count’. Poppe 1960:29, 97, and 123; Street 1974:25 *sā- ‘to think, to consider, to count’, *sā-n-a-; Stachowski 2019:296 *sā(j)-. Different etymology in Starostin—Dybo—Mudrak 2003:1219—1220 (*sāŕi ‘to know, to beware, to feel’). Starostin—Dybo—Mudrak (2003:1275) follow A. M. Ščerbak (Щербак) In considering the Mongolian forms cited above to be Turkic loans. Buck 1949:11.31 seek; 13.12 number; 17.13 think (reflect); 17.14 think (be Of the opinion); 17.31 remember. Bomhard—Kerns 1994:365—366, no. 195. Different (false) etymology in Dolgopolsky 2008, no. 2029, *s̄aħk[a] ‘to search, to find, to know’.;
¶¶ Dravidian: Old Tamil: cūḻ "to deliberate, to investigate, to think deeply, to examine."; Telugu / Kannada: cū- / cūḍu (verb base) "to look at, to examine, to try to understand.";
¶¶ RATIONALE: In linguistics and morphology, the meaning of a compound word is derived by combining the semantic functions of its constituent parts. The compound verb SAʔA means “to scrutinise,” “to concentrate deeply,” or “to ponder intently.” Semantic Breakdown: SA (Intensive Prefix): This morpheme amplifies, strengthens, or increases the degree of the action. It acts like the English modifiers “intensely,” “sharply,” or “deeply.”ʔA (To give attention to): This base monosyllable denotes the core action of directing mind, eyes, or awareness toward an object or concept.the compound SAʔA means “to scrutinise,” “to concentrate deeply,” or “to ponder intently.”How the Meanings Align: When you combine the intensive prefix with an act of attention, the compound directly produces the intellectual and analytical meanings you described: SA (Intensely) + ʔA (Give attention to) = To examine or consider. (Giving absolute, undivided attention to an object or concept). SA (Forcibly/Deeply) + ʔA (Give attention to) = To try to understand or find out. (Actively forcing one’s attention onto a problem to solve it). Paralelo Language Examples: This exact linguistic structure is highly common. For example: In English, “at-tend” comes from Latin ad- (to/toward) + tendere (to stretch). “Giving attention” is literally stretching your mind toward something to understand it. In Chinese, 察 (chá) or 思 (sī) often combine intensive markers with roots meaning “to direct the mind toward” to form verbs for “to examine” or “to consider.”;
¶¶ Proto-Nostratic root *saˀa: (vb.) *saˀa ‘to examine, to consider, to try to understand or find out; to think about’; (n.) *saˀa-ˀa ‘thought, idea, understanding, inquiry, examination, consideration, investigation’;
¶¶ Borean *saˀa: (vb.) ‘to examine, to consider, to try to understand or find out; to think about’; (n.) ‘thought, idea, understanding, inquiry, examination, consideration, investigation’; ¶¶ PL: SA-?A.
PHONETICS:
IPA:
[zaa], originally [zˀaˀa];
S s {voiced alveolar fricative, IPA [z], originally glottalised alveolar fricative: represented as [zˀ]}.
A, a {Open front unrounded vowel, IPA [a]; Originally open front unrounded vowel that is glottalized [ˀa]}
See also:
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SA
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CSuDLjpfC/
A
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BF3mcW8ag/
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📘LARGE ETYMOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIAN
The Treasure of the Atlantian Language.
by Gustavo Marquerie.
🏛️Dedicated to the Memory of Patrick C. Ryan (1938 − 2009)🏛️
THIS DICTIONARY IS BEING PERIODICALLY REVISED
© 2023 by Gustavo Marquerie.
(Revised 23 August 2025.)
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REFERENCES:
-Protolanguage: Patrick C. Ryan
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/rDobCarQpnbj279r/
-Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian: Gábor Takács
-Indo-European: Julius Pokorny
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/yUZJvm8bfU586MnZ/
-Proto-Indo-European Lexicon. The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages © 2014-2025 University of Helsinki http://pielexicon.hum.helsinki.fi/
-Sumerian/Uralic: Simo Parpola
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/42TurkicAndSumer/SimoParpola_Altaic-UralicAndSumerEn.htm?fbclid=Iwb21leAQKeV5jbGNrBAp5AmV4dG4DYWVtAjExAHNydGMGYXBwX2lkDDM1MDY4NTUzMTcyOAABHggm6m2MD2bg_W22OvgAzuSWv3536uOJ8Ikgt5onfnsdER8EKUTw9Vga0CaW_aem_xKf-s4csv9QiKWKbWrj8bA
-Nostratic: Allan Bomhard
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D3J9aEQyo/
-Borean: Serguéi Anatolyevich Starostin
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/yMHQNB7vjYnRFnA5/
-Proto-Celtic: Ranko Matasović
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/LYFdFygw1A2paUYX/
- An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (Inverness, 1911): Alexander MacBain https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language/
-Atlantian/Atlantic Writings, Post-paleolithic Linear Writings, Transeurasian Iberian Language: Georgeos Díaz-Montexano
https://www.facebook.com/EscrituraLinealAltlantica
-Egyptian Grammar, Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs by Sir Alan Gardiner
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1ECa6hDKEM/.
-Schriftarchäologie der altmesopotamischen Kultur: Eine grammatologische Untersuchung zur Entstehung des ältesten Bilerschriftsystems
(Writing Archaeology of the Ancient Mesopotamian Culture: A Grammatological Investigation into the Origin of the Oldest Bilingual Writing System) by Kurt Jaritz
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18uREy1eYW/
-Großes Handwörterbuch Deutsch-Ägyptisch (2800-950 v. Chr.) (Large Dictionary of German-Egyptian (2800-950 BC)) by Rainer Hannig
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/169i9mHPze/
-Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch -Deutsch (2800-950 v. Chr.): Die Sprache der Pharaonen (Large Concise Dictionary Egyptian-German (2800-950 BC): The Language of the Pharaohs) by Rainer Hannig
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GQm15NKRw/
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⚒️Contents Under Construction (revisions and additions onɡoinɡ)⚒️
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