Efrén Álvarez

02/02/2024

Other bourgeoisie crystallizations the same year of the publication of the Wealth of the Nations, and the declaration of independence of the future Empire of the USA
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14/01/2024

More problems than words in this small fragment. They sincerely put so much faith in rationality, education of acertain kind, expertise, knowledge and ... as the competence of the Populace: ELECTION.




-state

04/01/2024

The Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, or the HISTORY OF THE TWO INDIES went to 30 editions, and some abridged versions from 1770 onwards. Considered anti-colonial by some but not devoid of self-contradiction, certainly displayed a good deal of anticolonial sentiment. This was collective production of the encyclopaedist circle, Abbe Raynal acting as it's director/editor
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28/12/2023

CLR JAMES, again, brings the only reference I have yet seen on the position of the people on slavery during the French Revolution. He loosely describes consumption boicots akin to those that happened during the next century. And, as he puts it, people where as appalled by it as one would expect. He associates the inaction of the government on the subject with the yet limited influence of the will of the people ...

" Paris between March 1793 and July 1794 was one of the supreme epochs of political history. Never until 1917 were masses ever to have such powerful influence – for it was no more than influence – upon any government. In these few months of their nearest approach to power they did not forget the blacks. They felt towards them as brothers, and the old slave-owners, whom they knew to be supporters of the counter-revolution, they hated as if Frenchmen themselves had suffered under the whip.

It was not Paris alone but all revolutionary France. ‘Servants, peasants, workers, the labourers by the day in the fields’ all over France were filled with a virulent hatred against the ‘aristocracy of the skin’. There were many so moved by the sufferings of the slaves that they had long ceased to drink coffee, thinking of it as drenched with the blood and sweat of men turned into brutes.´ F. Carteau, Les Soirées Bermudiennes, Bordeaux, 1802. " B.J. 1938 C.L.R. James

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24/12/2023

(imagen de public domain)
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23/12/2023

( Protestantes, comediantes, judíos, las relaciones de criminales", todos habían recibido sus derechos políticos de la Asamblea. Sin embargo, los mulatos aún estaban excluidos. La Asamblea hizo oídos sordos, pero para febrero, las noticias de San Domingo, Martinica y Guadalupe eran tan siniestras que el 2 de marzo la Asamblea nombró una Comisión para examinar los documentos y presentar un informe en cinco días.
.. Durante el intervalo, llegaron a París delegados de la Asamblea Colonial, y uno de ellos, Millet, expuso el caso de los colonos.

La descripción de la esclavitud de Millet pretendía demostrar que se trataba de la forma de sociedad más feliz conocida en la época antigua o moderna.

" Convivimos en paz, señores, en medio de nuestros esclavos. Permitid que un hombre inteligente y educado ... [exponga] la placentera y fácil vida que [las personas esclavizadas] disfrutan en las colonias.

Amparados por todas las necesidades, rodeados de una comodidad desconocida en la mayor parte de los países europeos, seguros en el disfrute de sus propiedades, pues poseen propiedades y son sagradas, cuidados en sus enfermedades con un gasto y una atención que en vano buscaríais en los hospitales tan alabados de Inglaterra, protegidos, respetados en las debilidades de la edad; en paz con sus hijos, y con su familia. Liberados cuando habían prestado servicios importantes: he aquí el retrato, verdadero y no embellecido, del manejo de nuestras [personas esclavizadas], y este gobierno doméstico se perfeccionó particularmente durante los últimos diez años con un cuidado del que no encontraréis parangón en Europa.

El lazo de unión más sincero une al amo con el esclavo; dormimos seguros en medio de estos hombres que se han convertido en nuestros hijos, y muchos entre nosotros no tienen ni cerraduras ni pestillos en nuestras puertas."

Luego trató de persuadir a la asamblea conociendo muy bien cual era su debilidad

"...Pronto dicen que esta Sociedad exigirá la supresión de la trata de esclavos, es decir, que los beneficios que pueden resultar de ella para el comercio francés serán entregados a los extranjeros, ya que nunca su filosofía romántica persuadirá a todas las potencias de Europa de que es su deber abandonar el cultivo de las colonias
..Bajo dueños amables [les personas esclavizadas] explotan un territorio que permanecería sin cultivar sin ellos, y de cuyas ricas producciones son, para la nación que las posee, una gran fuente de industria y prosperidad. .. " ) C.L.R. JAMES, BLACK JACOBINS

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21/12/2023

" ... They did not abandon their commitment to American [and Caribean] issues, however. Many of them patched up their differences and drew together in an association that succeeded the Gallo-American Society, the FRENCH SOCIETY OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BLACKS, which was devoted to a cause that united nearly all friends of America namely, the abolition of the slave trade.

Brissot founded the Society on February 19, 1788; Claviere acted as its first president; Condorcet later took over its direction; and by early 1789 it had 141 members, including Creve­coeur (a corresponding member because he was then the French consul in New York), Bergasse, Lafayette, Mazzei, the duc de La Rochefoucauld, and Jefferson's secretary, William Short (evidently Jefferson felt his official status as representative of the United States made it inappropriate for him to join). " George Washington false teeth, Robert Darnton, 2003

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"... except for a few half-hearted attempts by the Friends of the Negro, everybody conspired to forget the slaves
.. But what of the slaves? ...Not a word ... Robespierre made an ass of himself by violently objecting to the word slavery, when proposed as a substitute for non-free. Brissot made a passing reference to them as being unfortunate, and that was all.
.. The French peasants were still clamouring for the Assembly to relieve them of the feudal dues. The Brissotins would not do it.
They would not touch property, and the slaves were property" CLR James, Black Jacobins. 1938
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20/12/2023

"... [the enslaved] used the art of secret resistance —such as slowing the pace of work when overseers were out of sight— to undermine the sway of the dominant.
.. Their craft was much like what Protestant reformer Martin Luther in the sixteenth century called “left-handed” power: the strength of the poor and the weak, the secret way of seemingly passive resistance to evil. ... broke employers’ tools, lied, played dumb, escaped from masters. "

I am quoting Edward E. Baptist and THE PUSHING SYSTEM, as he puts it, was a previous incarnation of future management tactics or "Taylorisms", that accomplished an increase of production with the use of incredible manipulations and cruelties.

"... The source of this ever-rising productivity ...was a whip... Entrepreneurs redirected left-handed power [the power of an enslaved person to regulate her own performance] by measuring work, implementing continuous surveillance of labor, and calibrating time and torture [AND PITTING THEM AGAINST THEIR PEERS] . All of this repeatedly accomplished enslavers’ ongoing goal of forcing enslaved people to invent, over and over, ways to make their own labor more efficient and profitable for their owners.
.. In their heads, in conversations, and on paper, planters obsessively calculated equations of hands and cotton, always coming up with the same solution: wealth.
.. In the context of THE PUSHING SYSTEM, the whip was as important to making cotton grow as sunshine and rain."

from Edward E. Baptist, THE HALF HAS NEVER BEEN TOLD 2014

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19/12/2023

17/12/2023

More of the very advicefull original ENCYCLOPEDIA ... MULTITUD (ESP)
"Desconfía del juicio de la multitud en todos los asuntos de razonamiento y filosofía; allí su voz es la voz de la malicia, la locura, la inhumanidad, la irracionalidad y el prejuicio. Desconfía de nuevo en las cosas que suponen mucho conocimiento o un buen gusto. La multitud es ignorante y obtusa. Desconfía de ella en la moral; no es capaz de acciones fuertes y generosas; más bien admira tales acciones que las aprueba; el heroísmo es casi una locura a sus ojos. Desconfía de ella en las cosas del sentimiento; ¿es la delicadeza del sentimiento algo tan común que puedes concederla a la multitud? ¿En qué tiene entonces la multitud razón? En todo, pero solo al final de un período muy largo, porque entonces se ha convertido en un eco, repitiendo el juicio de un pequeño número de hombres sensatos que forjan el juicio de la posteridad para ella por adelantado. Si tienes de tu lado el testimonio de tu conciencia, y en tu contra el de la multitud, consuélate y asegúrate de que el tiempo hace justicia"



'alembetrt
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