21/11/2025
Why do earthquakes happen?
Although the Earth appears stationary from the outside, it is constantly moving inside. The solid outer layer of the Earth is called the lithosphere, and this layer is divided into several large tectonic plates. These plates are not like icebergs floating on the ocean; rather, they move slowly on hot magma. This movement is the main cause of earthquakes.
When two plates push against each other, pressure builds up. Sometimes they rub against each other, and the pressure builds up over the years. Sometimes one plate slides under the other. At a certain point, the pressure can no longer be tolerated, and the plate suddenly shifts or breaks, releasing energy. This energy spreads in waves in all directions, creating an earthquake.
An earthquake starts at a specific point deep in the ground, called the hypocenter or focus. Just above this, the point on the ground where the shaking is felt the most is the epicenter. The destruction is greatest near the epicenter, because the impact of the earthquake waves is strongest there.
Earthquakes are more common in areas of the world where two or more tectonic plates meet. The “Ring of Fire” around the Pacific Ocean is the most active seismic belt in the world. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate collisions occur regularly here.
In addition to natural processes, some human-made activities can also cause small earthquakes. The pressure of water in large dams, deep mining, or excessive groundwater and gas extraction can weaken the soil layer, causing small-scale tremors. Although these are very few in number compared to the total number of earthquakes in the world.
Scientists can now identify vulnerable areas by analyzing plate movements, fault history, and seismic sensor data. It is not yet possible to predict the exact time of an earthquake, but it is now possible to increase preparedness and reduce damage.
Source:
1. USGS
2. National Geographic
